Language Development
Development of Language:
6 Months
6 Months
- Vocalization with intonation
- Responds to his name
- Responds to human voices without visual cues by turning his head and eyes
- Responds appropriately to friendly and angry tones
- Understands simple instructions, especially if vocal or physical cues are given
- Practices inflection
- Is aware of the social value of speech
- Has vocabulary of approximately 5-20 words
- Vocabulary made up chiefly of nouns
- Some echolalia (repeating a word or phrase over and over)
- Much jargon with emotional content
- Is able to follow simple commands
- Can name a number of objects common to his surroundings
- Is able to use at least two prepositions, usually chosen from the following: in, on, under
- Vocabulary of approximately 150-300 words
- Volume and pitch of voice not yet well-controlled
- Can use two pronouns correctly: I, me, you, although me and I are often confused
- My and mine are beginning to emerge
- Responds to such commands as “show me your eyes (nose, mouth, hair)”
- Use pronouns I, you, me correctly
- Is using some plurals and past tenses
- Knows at least three prepositions, usually in, on, under
- Handles three word sentences easily
- Has in the neighborhood of 900-1000 words
- About 90% of what child says should be intelligible
- Understands most simple questions dealing with his environment and activities
- Should be able to give his/her sex, name, age
- Knows names of familiar animals
- Can use at least four prepositions or can demonstrate his understanding of their meaning when given commands
- Names common objects in picture books or magazines
- Knows one or more colors
- Can repeat 4 digits when they are given slowly
- Demonstrates understanding of over and under
- Often indulges in make-believe
- Extensive verbalization as he carries out activities
- Much repetition of words, phrases, syllables, and even sounds
- Can use many descriptive words spontaneously-both adjectives and adverbs
- Can count to ten
- Speech should be completely intelligible, in spite of articulation problems
- Should have all vowels and the consonants
- Should be able to repeat sentences as long as nine words
- Should be able to define common objects in terms of use (hat, shoe, chair)
- Should be able to follow three commands given without interruptions
- Should know his age
- Should be using fairly long sentences and should use some compound and some complex sentences
- Speech on the whole should be grammatically correct
- Speech should be completely intelligible and socially useful
- Should be able to tell one a rather connected story about a picture, seeing relationships
- Understands such terms as: alike, different, beginning, end, etc
- Should be able to tell time to quarter hour
- Should be able to do simple reading and to write or print many words
- Complex and compound sentences should be used easily
- Should be few lapses in grammatical constrictions-tense, pronouns, plurals
- Should be reading with considerable ease and now writing simple compositions
- Social amenities should be present in his speech in appropriate situations
- Control of rate, pitch, and volume are generally well and appropriately established
- Can carry on conversation at rather adult level
- Follows fairly complex directions with little repetition
- Has well developed time and number concepts
Phonemes:
- A basic unit of a language's phonology, which is combined with other phonemes to form meaningful units such as words or morphemes.
- The phoneme can be described as "The smallest contrastive linguistic unit which may bring about a change of meaning."
- In this way the difference in meaning between the English words kill and kiss is a result of the exchange of the phoneme /l/ for the phoneme /s/. Two words that differ in meaning through a contrast of a single phoneme are called minimal pairs.
Morphemes:
- The smallest grammatical unit in a language.
- The field of study dedicated to morphemes is called morphology.
- A morpheme is not identical to a word, and the principal difference between the two is that a morpheme may or may not stand alone, whereas a word, by definition, is freestanding.
- Every word comprises one or more morphemes.
Grammar:
- The set of structural rules that governs the composition of clauses, phrases, and words in any given natural language.
- The term refers also to the study of, morphology, syntax, and phonology, often complemented by phonetics, semantics, and pragmatics.
Semantics:
- The study of meaning. It focuses on the relation between like words, phrases, signs, and symbols, and what they stand for, their denotation.
Syntax:
- The study of the principles and processes by which sentences are constructed in particular languages.
Overgeneralization:
- Common grammatical errors. (Ex. goed.)